Review of seed yield components and pollination conditions in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed production

Abstract Red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) is an important forage legume grown in many of the temperate regions around world. In order to evaluate possible causes for low seed yield particular tetraploid red clover, we surveyed 71 studies production published from 1948 2019, reviewing components, pollination and reproductive traits. Seed components are recorded contribute improve our understanding complex processes leading yield. However, measurement approaches varied largely among studies, depending on whether directly measured or calculated. dependent insect pollen transfer. much uncertainty success remains. Pollination conditions were often neglected: one third papers did not mention conditions. The information that connects set lacking, very few traits floral morphology, ovule fertilisation maturation. We suggest consistent comprehensive evaluation required reasons hence possibilities future improvement.